A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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1860-1946
Dublin-born, in 1921 he founded the Macdona Players, which specialised in productions of Bernard Shaw plays, for which he had the touring rights, which included his base at the Regent Theatre in King's Cross, London. He was the first to produce the previously banned Mrs Warren's Profession commercially in the UK. He died in Brighton.
• 2 (or 1a) Wyndham Street [residence 1919-1946]
1879-1961
His real name was Maxwell Kuttner, and he appeared in a dozen films between 1933 and 1957.
• White Walls, 13 Founthill Avenue, Saltdean [residence 1939- ]
1918-1996
Pilot and sportsman.Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, son of a banker, but sent to boarding school in England. The family returned to England and settled in Hove shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. He joined the Royal Air Force in 1939 and as a pilot took part in the Battle of Britain in 1940, the raid on Dieppe in 1942 and the Normandy landings in 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and bar. He played scrum half for Brighton & Hove Rugby Club and was a leading batsman at cricket for Hove.
• McNair Court, Portland Road*
PERSONAL
• 8 Norton Road [residence c1939]
1857-1939
Surgeon and entrepreneur.Born in Clerkenwell, London, the son of an advertising agent, Maddick qualified as a surgeon in 1879 and was commissioned in the Naval Medical Service in 1887. He became Admiral Surgeon in the Royal Navy and a prominent socialite, friend of Edward VII, George V and Edward VIII, who entertained Edward VII and the King of Italy, among others. In 1903 he bought the former Prince of Wales Theatre in Tottenham Street, London and adjacent properties. To a design by Frank T Verity, he converted them into the Scala Theatre, reopening in 1905. It was here in 1911 that Charles Urban began the very successful Kinemacolor presentations. [The score for Things to Come (1936) was recorded there and much of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night was filmed there.]
Maddick was well connected—his wife's cousin was Field Marshall Viscount Byng of Vimy, one of the top three British commanders in the second half of the First World War—and he was appointed by the army as Director of Kinematograph Operations, although he served in France early in the war and rose to the rank of major. He produced the official film of The Battle of the Somme (1916), which Urban edited. He was awarded an OBE in January 1918. He left £98,648 11s. His mausoleum in West Norwood Cemetery is now Grade II listed.
• Little Courtenay, Courtenay Terrace [residence -1938]
• 'Fyfteen', 15 Grand Avenue [residence and deathplace 1939]
1759-1851
MAHOMED, Frederick
1818-1888
MAHOMED, Frederick (Henry Horatio) Akbar
1849-1884
MAHOMED, James Kerriman
1854-1935
Sake Deen Mahomed. Surgeon and entrepreneur. [right]Born in Patna, India. Before coming to Brighton in 1814, Mahomed published a book about his travels, regarded as the first book in English by an Indian author, and opened the first Indian restaurant in Britain in London in 1810. He opened his indoor baths in Pool Valley, using warm sea water. He introduced shampooing with Indian oils and, with the addition of vapour, pioneered aromatherapy. He treated George IV and William IV at the Royal Pavilion. He is buried in St Nicholas Churchyard.
Portrait of Sake Dean Mahomed by Samuel Drummond
Frederick Mahomed. Dancer, gynmast and entrepreneur.
Sake Deen Mahomed's son, trained a dancer and began his career in Liverpool. Back in Brighton at the age of 20 he established an academy in Preston Street to teach gymnastics, fencing and callistenics.
Frederick Akbar Mahomed. Medical practitioner and inventor. [right]The son of Frederick and grandson of Sake Deen Mahomed, he was a pioneer in the treatment of hypertension and is noted for the development of the sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure. He died young of typhoid fever while working at the London Fever Hospital and is buried in Highgate Cemetery.1
James Kerriman Mohamed. clergyman.
Another grandson of Sake Deen Mahomed, he graduated from Oxford, was ordained and became vicar of Hove.
• 49 Preston Street [Frederick's academy c1840-c1847]
• 109 Church Street [Frederick's academy c1847-c1851]
• 2 Black Lion Street
1 Cameron, J Stewart & Hicks, Jackie: 'Frederick Akbar Mahomed and his role in the description of hypertension at Guy's Hospital' in Kidney International, vol 49, 1996
1862-1926
Servant and pig farmer.Born in Southend, son of a shoemaker who settled in Turville, Buckinghamshire, in 1881 he was a resident domestic servant at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Preston, Brighton. At the time of his marriage in 1885 he lived in Cliftonville. By 1901 he was a pig keeper at Marmion Road, Hove and from c1905 a farmer in Mainstone Road, which may have been self-named initially as he was the only resident when it was first listed. He was the Duke of Portland's local bailiff.
• Mainstone Road
PERSONAL
• 46 Wordsworth Street, Cliftonville [residence 1885]
• The Cottage, Mainstone Road, Aldrington [residence and deathplace 1905-1926]
1803-1878
Sailor.Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station in 1860-1862.
Portrait by Benjamin Cheverton
• 21 Adelaide Crescent [residence 1859-1864]
1797-1855
MALDEN, Henry Charles
1828-1907
Born at Putney, he was a Royal Navy lieutenant who founded a preparatory school in Newport, Isle of Wight in 1837, which he moved to Norfolk Terrace, Brighton in 1838 and then into the purpose-built Windlesham House in 1844.
Henry Charles Malden Educator.
Born at Newport, the son of Charles Robert Malden. In 1854 he was a Royal Navy lieutenant. He became head of Windlesham House school, on the death of his father and remained in that post until 1888. He was known at the school as 'Old Harry'. While at Cambridge he was one of the university's representatives at the meeting held in his rooms to establish the rules of assocation football. He owned 1, 2 Hampton Street (1866-1906). By 1904 he lived in Godalming, where he died, leaving £3,822 1s 5d.
• 8 Norfolk Terrace [school, family residence 1838-1844]
• Windlesham House, Windelsham Road [school and RC residence 1844-1855, HC residence 1854, 1866-1898]
• 100(a) Montpelier Road [residence 1860-1864]
1790-1852
Surgeon and archaeologist.He lived in the house in Old Steine that housed the Sussex Scientific Institution and Mantellian Museum from 1833 until his archaeological collection was sold to the British Museum in 1838.
Image: Portrait by J J Masquerier (qv below) [source: The Royal Society, Art UK]
• 20 Old Steine [residence 1833-38]
1926-1992
Actor.Born in Toulouse, he was frequently the first choice to play a Frenchman in supporting roles in films and on television, being in well over 100 productions from 1956. His best-known role was as Sergeant François Chevalier in six of the Pink Panther films. Among his many television performances he was the chef in the ‘Gourmet Night’ episode of Fawlty Towers.
• 11 Clifton Terrace [residence 1964-1992?]
1834-1903
Barrister and politician.Liberal MP for Brighton from 1880 to 1884 when he resigned his seat and was re-elected in a by-election as a Conservative. He was again re-elected in a by-election, this time unopposed, when he was appointed Judge Advocate General in 1885 and held the post until 18921. Knighted in 1888, he was opposed to Irish home rule and in 1893 he resigned his seat to further his legal career. He emigrated to South Africa.
• 22 Brunswick Square [residence 1880]
1Elections
1833-1899
Born in Brighton, the fourth daughter of novelist Capt Frederick Marryat RN, she spent her early years betwwen the houses of her separate parents. Her literary output was considerable, including 70 novels as well as journalism and stage work.She appeared on stage in skteches with George Grossmith, in Patience with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and opposite Herbert Beerbohm Tree. She was twice married, the first marriage ended by divorce on the grounds of her adultery with her future second husband, and that marriage ended in divorce after a year. Perhaps ironically, adultery was among topics she wrote and lectured about, along with alcoholism, spiritualism and vampirism. She lectured at Brighton Aquarium in 1898.
d 1899
Headmaster of Brighton Grammar School 1861-1899.
• 79 Buckingham Road
1855-1898
Teacher, activist.Daughter of Karl Marx, lodged in Vernon Terrace in c.1873 when supporting herself as a teacher at a school run by the Misses Hall in Sussex Square.
• 6 Vernon Terrace
• Sussex Square
1875-1932
In law practice as Marx & Thompson at 52 North Street, he was one-time owner of the Devil's Dyke estate and a captain in the 1st Sussex Royal Engineeers (Volunteers). He was mayor of Brighton in 1903/04 and became a member of the Earl of Sussex masonic lodge on 25 April 1903. He moved to London by 1919 and left £11,421 6s 3d.
• 6 Buckingham Road [residence]
• 50 Buckingham Road [residence 1903]
• 8 Hanover Crescent [residence 1909-1918]
1778-1855
Artist.Born in Chelsea of Huguenot descent, he grew up in Paris and witnessed events during the French Revolution. In 1792, at the age of 14, he returned to London and enrolled in the Royal Academy Schools. He started his professional career in 1795 and, while still painting other subjects, became a successful portrait artist. Now very wealthy, he moved to Brighton in 1823 and remained here for the rest of his life. Among his sitters was Gideon Mantell.
• 10 Sillwood Road [residence 1823-1855]
1816-1981
Playwright, novelist and screenwriter.Nephew of the novelist W Somerset Maugham.
• 2 Brunswick Terrace [residence 1957-1968]
• 5 Clifton Terrace [residence 1976-1981]
1793-1865
• 30 Adelaide Crescent [residence 1862]
• 27 Adelaide Crescent [residence 1864-1865, deathplace]
1813-1901
He opened a photographic studio in King's Road on 18 July 1864. He represented West ward from 1871 to 1874, was an alderman until 1880 and was mayor of Brighton in 1877-78.
• 90-91 King's Road
1743-1817
Aristocrat.The heiress of Robert Hawkins-Magill of Gill Hall, Co Down, who died when she was only 18 months old. Some sources say she was born in Brighton. In 1765 she married John Meade, who succeeded to a baronetcy but was created successively Baron Gillford, Viscount Clanwilliam and Earl of Clanwilliam. She died in Brighton 'after a fortnight's illness' and was buried at St Peter's, Preston.
Portrait by Thomas Gainsborough
1855-1935
Actress, theatre and cinema proprietor.Born Emma Solomon in Birmingham, she became a professional actress around the age of 20, made her London début in 1880 and toured the English provinces in comic operas and pantomime until she took over the Avenue Theatre for a season in 1885. In autumn 1885 she presented and appeared in the comic opera Erminie at the Comedy Theatre, Birmingham, which went on to great success. Also in the cast was Frank Wyatt (1852-1926), whom she married at the fashionable St George’s, Hanover Square in 1886. (Wyatt is best known as the creator of the role of the Duke of Plaza-Toro in the Gilbert & Sullivan opera The Gondoliers.) They built the Trafalgar Square Theatre, the first theatre on St Martin’s Lane, London, in 1892, renaming it the Duke of York’s three years later. In the census of 1901 she shaved eight years off her age and her birthplace had become Warwick.
Who's Who in the Theatre (1925) says she built several ‘picture theatres’ (there was one in Brixton), including the Duke oF YorK’s in Brighton in 1910—the first purpose-built cinema in the area and now the oldest surviving one in the country. Violet Melnotte Picture Theatres Ltd, which owned the Duke of York’s, was bankrupt within a year but continued in business until she sold the cinema in 1918. By the 1920s she had reverted to calling herself Miss Melnotte and gave her address as the Duke of York’s Theatre. Frank Wyatt died in 1926 and Violet continued to run the London theatre until she sold it in 1928 but resumed ownership in 1933 until her death. In later life her Brighton base was at the Metropole Hotel.
• Duke of York's Cinema, Preston Circus (1910)
1803-1895
Soldier and colonial administrator.Son of the governor of Pendennis Castle, Cornwall, where he was born. Joined the Bombay Army on 1819. He served in administrative various, including as secretary to the government of Bombay from 1840 to 1859. He retired with the honorary rank of major-general in 1861. In 1886 he succeeded his next-door neighbour, Field Marshall Sir Richard Dacres, as president of the Hove Club.
• 27 Palmeira Square [residence 1862-1895]
1910-1983
Humorous writer and occasional performer.Most of whose work was for television where, in addition to writing he also presented programmes and was briefly a panellist on What's My Line. He first encountered moving pictures in 1952, when he wrote dialogue for an Anna Neagle film, Derby Day, and had two stage plays filmed: Castle in the Air, for which he wrote the screenplay, and Hot Ice, possibly made at Brighton Film Studios.
• 17 Clifton Terrace [residence 1951-1973]
• 18 Victoria Street [residence 1973-1983]
1761-1816
Astronomer and mathematician.Born in Seville, Spain, son of a nobleman, he was educated at the Royal College of Nobles in Madrid. In 1776 he signed up as a lieutenant in the Spanish navy but en route to the Philippines his ship was captured by the British and he was held at Cork, Ireland for a year. After his return to Cadiz, apart from a brief engagement in a failed attack on Gibraltar, he spent his time writing a treatise on navigation, which was well received. In 1789 he was given Fr300,000 to create a maritime library, for which he bought books and instruments in England and France. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in London in 1793 and eventually decided to settle in England, marrying an Englishwoman in 1799 and resigning his naval commission in 1800. His published works, funded by the Admiralty, Trinity House and the East India Company, had a profound effect on maritime navigation. In 1814 the Board of Longitude awarded him £1,200 for his longitude tables.
Suffering from a debilitating illness, exacerbated by his exersions, and according to one account having discovered a serious error in one of his tables, he hanged himself at his house in Brighton1. Another account says he shot himself in 1815 (ov=bviously incorrect) and yet another that he drowned. As there is no certainty about the nature of his death, drowning is the most likely as it may have been accidental. He was lawfully buried in St Nicholas' churchyard on 11 March 1816; it was not until 1823 that an Act of Parliament allowed burials in consecrated ground, but only at night and without a Christian service. (The ban was not fully lifted until 2017.) He left a considerable fortune.
• New Steine [residence, possible deathplace 1816]
1Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2009)
1804-1889
MERRIFIELD, Charles Watkins
1827-1884
MERRIFIELD, Henry Constable
1830-1862
MERRIFIELD, Frederic
1831-1924
Mary Philadelphia Merrifield [right] Artist and writer.The daughter of barrister Sir Charles Watkins and born in Brompton, Middlesex, she married John Merrifield, also a barrister. By 1835 they were living in Brighton. Her first book, Treatise of Painting, was a translation from the Italian of Cennino Cennini in 1844. Two years later she published The Art of Fresco Painting, a commission by the Royal Commission on the Fine Arts. Her paintings were included when the first art exhibition was held in the newly civic-acquired Royal Pavilion. Her Brighton Past and Present was published in 1857, when she was also awarded an annual £100 civil list pension. She became an expert on marine algae and seaweed and published on that subject as well as a scientific approach to dress. She appears to have left Brighton following the death of her husband in 1877. She died at her daughter's home in Chesterton, Cambridgeshire.
Charles Watkins Merrifield [right]. Mathematician and barrister.The eldest son of John and Mary Philadelphia Merrifield was a mathematician and barrister but never practiced at the bar. He was an examiner in the Department of Public Education and honorary secretary of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects and principal of the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 1867-1873. He served on several Royal Commissions and died in Hove.
Henry Constable Merrifield. Emigrant and soldier.
The second son sailed to New York in 1850 and joined the army; he died a civil-war Confederate soldier in Virginia in 1862.
Frederic Merrifield. Barrister and clerk to the East Sussex County Council.
The third son of Mary Philadelphia Merrifield was born in Lambeth. In 1865 he and his wife were founders of the Brighton branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage with Henry and Millicent Fawcett; his daughter Flora was a local campaigner for women's suffrage. He was chair of Brighton School of Art in 1877 and, having published numerous papers on lepidoptera, was president of the Royal Entomological Society in 1905-06. He died in Hove.
• 4 Grand Parade [family residence 1841-1846]
• 8 Dorset Gardens [family residence 1848]
• 23 Dorset Gardens [family residence 1851]
• 2 Dorset Gardens [family residence 1854-1877]
• 45 Church Road [Charles's residence 1884, deathplace]
• 3 Prince Albert Street [Frederic's practice 1861-1875]
• 2 Prince Albert Street [Frederic's practice 1877-1886]
• 24 Vernon Terrace [Frederic's residence 1872-1906]
• 14 Clifton Terrace [Frederic's residence 1907-1924]
1773-1859
Statesman.When forced from office as Austrian Chancellor in 1848, the year of revolutions throughout Europe, stayed in Brunswick Terrace from 15 September 1848 to 16 April 1849.
Portrait by Lawrence
• 33 Brunswick Terrace [residence]
1714-1789
MICHELL, James Charles
1767-1841
Born in Lewes, he was a fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge and ran a school in Nile Street in the 1770s, which was attended by Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. He was Vicar of Brighton from 1744 until his death. He had 16 children by Faith Reade, whom he married at Maresfield in 1747; eight of them did not survive beyond childhood. He wrote on classical antiquities and was the maternal grandfather of Rev H M Wagner.
James Charles Michell. Attorney.
Born in Brighton, the 15th child (fifth surving son) of Rev Henry Michell. He married Catherine Constantia Abmuty and was the uncle of Rev H M Wagner.
• Nile Street [school]
PERSONAL (James)
• 68 Great East Street [office, residence 1833]
1908-1973
Born in Hove, the son of a stockbroker. He too started on the stock exchange for two years but became a character actor, on stage from 1928, playwright and screenwriter in films from 1935.
• 4 Montpelier Villas [childhood residence]
1856-1929
Educated in England, he joined the consular service of the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1874 and was almost immediately appointed vice-consul of Suez and Alexandria on the outbreak of war between Egypt and Ethiopia. From 1884 to 1897 he was president of the Egyptian Maritime and Quarantine Board of Health1. He wrote Under Queen and Khedive: The autobiography of an Anglo-Egyptian Official (London: William Heinemann, 1899) about his experiences and his work as a British representative in the consular service. He retired to Hove and died there, leaving £17,397 7s 8d.
• 68 Wilbury Road [residence 1911-1929; deathplace]
1Plantagenet Roll: 416
Philip Mighell. Farmer.
He assigned the New Steine Pleasure Ground in 1806. He sponsored a dinner at the New Inn (later the Clarence Hotel) in North Street to '2,300 of the poorest inhabitants of the town' to mark the Jubilee of George III in 18091.
Richard Mighell
• Mighell Street
PERSONAL
• New Steine
• 43 Albany Villas
1John George Bishop: A Peep into the Past, p194
1894-1963
Music hall comedian.Famous as the 'Cheeky Chappie', his statue stands in New Road. His final home, from 1948 until his death, was in Burlington Street.
• 25 Hereford Street [birthplace]
• 25 Burlington Street
• 3 Rose Hill Terrace [residence 1929-1931]
• 2 Prince's Terrace [residence c1932]
• 160 Marine Parade [residence 1936-1946]
• 25 Burlington Street [residence 1948-1963]
1897-1983
He had small parts in a single episodes of a couple of television dramas in 1961 and 1963 and was the author of Homeopathy: the first authoritative study of its place in medicine today (1975), having been an advocate before 1935. The eastern pillars at the entrance to Lewes Crescent bear a plaque of unknown origin to Mitchell and his wife Anne, who lived in the crescent 1960-1983.
• 19 Lewes Crescent [residence 1960-1973] *[on pillar]
• Flat 4, 22 Lewes Crescent [residence 1976-1983]
1768-1857
Member of the firm of Mocatta and Goldsmid, from which he retired to pursue philanthropic works, was the father of architect David Mocatta.
• 122 King's Road
1801-1895
Merchant.Born in Barbados, he was active in the formation of the South Australia colony in the 1830s-1840s, being appointed one of the 11 original commissioners in 1834. He was in business with his brother Joseph Barrow Montefiore. His brother Horatio married Rebecca Mocatta, daughter of the architect David Mocatta.
Portrait by Barnett Samuel Marks
• 1 Oriental Place
• 32 Grand Parade [deathplace]
1818-1894
Inventor of type for the blind.Born in Horsmonden, Kent, he moved with his widowed mother and sister to Brighton. He lost the sight of one eye in childhood and was totally blind by 1840 at the age of 21. Realising the difficulties that his blind pupils had in learning the then current system of reading, in 1845 he devised an alphabet of embossed characters for the blind, known as Moon type. Braille, although invented in 1829 in France was not known England. He lived and worked adjacent to the Sussex Eye Hospital and published books in his type, including The Bible, and extended it to other languages. He is buried in the Brighton Extra-Mural Cemetery. His daughter, Alice Moon, emigrated to Australia in 1875 with her partner, Harriet Elphinstone-Dick.
Image: Wellcome Images
• 66 Kensington Place [residence 1851]
• 65 Trafalgar Street [residence 1854]
• 104 Queen's Road* [residence 1859-1894]
1870-1955
MOORE, Decima CBE
1871-1964
Eva Moore [right] Actress and suffragette.She was born at 67 Preston Street on 9 February 1870 and made her stage début in 1887. She and her sister were active suffragettes in the Actresses' Franchise League and other organisations. She appeared in 28 films, successfully making the transition from silents to talkies. In 1932 she made two films in the USA. She married the actor Henry V Esmond and had two children: Jack Esmond, the racing driver, and Jill Esmond, the actress and first wife of Laurence Olivier. She died at Maidenhead on 27 April 1955.
Decima Moore [right]. Actress and suffgratete.The ninth daughter (and tenth child—hence Decima) of the Sussex county analytical chemist was born on 11 December 1871 and grew up at 21 Regency Square. She attended Miss Pringle's school in Lansdowne Place, Hove, followed by Boswell House College in Brighton. She won a scholarship to study singing at the Blackheath Conservatoire and made her stage début in 1889 with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, creating a leading role in The Gondoliers. She went on to star in a number of West End productions, making her last London appearance in 1914. She and her fellow suffragettes used stage and film for their cause. She was active on war work in France during the Great War, for which she was awarded the CBE, and devoted much of the rest of her life to charity work, appearing in only one film, Nine Till Six (1932), which starred Elizabeth Allan. She died in Kensington on 18 February 1964.
• 67 Preston Street [Eva's birthplace]
• 21 Regency Square [family residence]
1812-1867
Soldier.His uncle was Admiral Sir Robert Moorsom KCB and his brother Commander William Moorson RN, a specialist in naval gunnery who invented Moorson's Director (a portable device for directing fire of ships of the line) and the first practical percussion fuse for use with spherical shells. As chairman of the Board of Guardians he laid the foundation stone of the workhouse in Elm Grove (now Brighton General Hospital) on 11 May 1865. He died in San Remo, Italy. His brother William died at Robert's home.
• 6 Vernon Terrace [residence c1854-1867]
1776-1857
At the age of 22 she married 60-year-old John Luttrell-Omnious, 3rd Earl of Carhampton (1739-1829). She claimed £876 8s 2d compensation for 47 slaves on the Swallowfield Estate in Jamaica, of which she was tenant-for-life, jointly owned with others, including the 8th Earl of Home, ancestor of the future prime minister.
• 16 Sillwood Place [residence 1845-1857, deathplace]
1848-1915
MOSLEY, Sir Oswald 5th bt
1873-1928
Sir Oswald Mosley [right] 4th bt.He lived in Brighton before he succeeded as 4th Baronet in 1890.
Sir Oswald Mosley [far right] 5th bt.
He lived in Brighton with his father, the 4th baronet, until 1890. He was father of the 6th Bt, politician and notorious founder of the British Union of Fascists.
• 14 Chichester Terrace [residence]
1837-1919
Civil servant.Permanent Secretary to the Treasury (1894-1903). See also Erik Stenbock.
• Withdeane Hall, The Approach
1888-1977
Cinematograopher.Stanley J Mumford was the resident cameraman for the Progress Film Company at Shoreham—literally so as he lived in one of the bungalows on the site. He was born in Leytonstone, son of a postman. Before becoming a film cameraman he had been a scenic artist but from some time in 1908 he had worked for James Williamson as a general assistant, paid 30s a week. A memoir of his time with Williamson is held by the British Film Institute.
He it was who, when a major fire destroyed a number of bungalows and other buildings on the Shoreham studio site in 1922, was able to remove the boxes of negatives with his brother Arthur from their bungalow and then film the blaze for Pathé News. He then photographed the two films made by Carlton Film Company at Shoreham. He later worked as a newsreel cameraman and for several of the leading companies of the time—Warwick, Barker, Edison, Garrick, Astra-National—until the 1950s.